Atrial fibrillation ablation with persistent left superior vena cava detected during intracardiac echocardiography

Introduction Atrial fibrillation ablation is an increasingly frequent procedure performed in the electrophysiology laboratory. Pulmonary vein foci account for more than 90% of triggers for atrial fibrillation, most commonly treated with complete pulmonary vein isolation most of the time. Non–pulmonary vein triggers are the drivers of atrial fibrillation in a subgroup of patients. This patient had an atrial tachycardia originating from a persistent left superior vena cava (SVC).